ABSTRACT Starch, a natural component of sugarcane juice, causes losses and operational problems in the sugar industry, due to the increase in juice viscosity, which inhibits crystallization and increases sucrose loss. This research aimed to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis process of starch by the action of Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase. Enzyme concentration and reaction time were optimized for maximizing maltose concentration, determined as reducing sugar by the Dinitrosalicylic Acid method; starch hydrolysis percentage and productivity, which were analyzed independently and together by a Rotational Compound Central Design and Response Surface Methodology. The alpha-amylase enzyme was characterized, obtaining an optimum temperature of 90 °C and optimum pH of 7, determining a linearity range for the 1:100 dilution of 20 minutes, an enzymatic activity of 28.35 IU/mg, and the kinetic constants Km of 5.82 g/L and Vmax of 0.30 g/L*min. Finally, the experimental design obtained the optimal environmental conditions of enzyme concentration of 817 ppm and reaction time of 17 minutes at a temperature of 90 °C. From the validation of the optimal conditions for starch hydrolysis in sugarcane juice, the following were obtained: maltose concentration 0.380 g/L, percentage of hydrolysis 73.09 %, and productivity 1.341 g/L*h, which corresponded to variations greater than the calculated values of 16%, 11.3%, and 18%, respectively.

RESUMEN El almidón, componente natural del jugo de caña de azúcar, es causante de pérdidas y problemas operacionales en la industria azucarera, debido al incremento en la viscosidad en el jugo, que inhibe la cristalización e incrementa la pérdida de sacarosa. El objetivo de esta investigación fue optimizar el proceso de hidrólisis enzimática del almidón por acción de la alfa amilasa de Bacillus licheniformis. Se optimizaron la concentración de enzima y el tiempo de reacción, con respecto a la maximización de la concentración de maltosa, determinado como azúcar reductor por el método del Ácido Dinitrosalicílico; el porcentaje de hidrolisis del almidón y la productividad, las cuales fueron analizadas independientemente y en conjunto por un Diseño Central Compuesto Rotacional y la Metodología de Superficie de Respuesta. Se caracterizó la enzima alfa-amilasa obteniéndose una temperatura optima de 90 °C y pH óptimo de 7, determinándose un rango de linealidad para la dilución 1:100 de 20 minutos, una actividad enzimática de 28.35 UI/mg y las constantes cinéticas Km de 5.82 g/L y Vmax de 0.30 g/L*min. Finalmente, del diseño experimental se obtuvieron las condiciones ambientales óptimas de concentración de enzima de 817 ppm y tiempo de reacción de 17 minutos a una temperatura de 90 °C. De la validación de las condiciones óptimas de hidrolisis del almidón en el jugo de caña de azúcar, se obtuvieron: concentración de maltosa 0.380 g/L, porcentaje de hidrolisis 73.09 % y la productividad 1.341 g/L*h, que correspondieron a variaciones mayores que los valores calculados, en 16%, 11.3% y 18% respectivamente.

We assessed golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos canadensis) diet and breadth composition during the breeding season 2010 in Chihuahua state, Mexico. We collected old and fresh prey remains and observed prey delivery in active territories. Diet was diverse and composed of small mammals, mainly, but includes birds and reptiles as well. Hares and rabbits were the most important in terms of relative abundance and biomass.

Objective: To describe capabilities and difficulties in emotional adjustment experienced by children living in the Chilean Aymara city of Arica. Patients and Method: 610 students between 5th and 8th grade, in addition to their parents and teachers were surveyed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), comparing Aymara children to those without indigenous heritage. 25 items divided into five scales were evaluated: Emotional, behavioral problems, hyperactivity, relationship problems with peers and prosocial behaviors, classifying the respondents into three levels, Normal, Border and Abnormal. Results: There were no significant differences among the groups studied, where discrepancies in almost all cases show a slight effect (d ≥ |0.2|). Also, no relevant effects were observed regarding the type of assessor on the assessment of each dimension. Despite this, it was observed that Aymara children showed lower scores than their peers in "behavioral problems" according to their teachers, but this difference was also mild (partial η2> 0.01). Conclusions: Aymara Children showed similar strengths and difficulties than non-Aymara students in situations that require emotional adjustment.

Objetivo: Describir capacidades y dificultades en el ajuste emocional experimentadas por niños aymara residentes en la ciudad chilena de Arica. Pacientes y M étodo: Se encuestó a 610 alumnos de 5° a 8° año de Enseñanza General Básica de la ciudad de Arica, además de sus padres y profesores, mediante el Cuestionario de Capacidades y Dificultades (SDQ), comparando a niños aymara con aquellos sin ascendencia indígena. Se evaluaron 25 ítems divididos en 5 escalas: emocional, problemas de comportamiento, hiperactividad, problemas de relación con pares y conductas prosociales, clasificando a los encuestados en tres niveles, Normal, Límite o Anormal. Resultados: No hubo diferencias poblacionales relevantes en las dimensiones del SDQ entre grupos estudiados, donde las discrepancias en prácticamente todos los casos muestran un efecto leve (d ≥ |0,2|). Tampoco se observaron efectos poblacionales relevantes respecto del tipo de evaluador sobre la valoración de cada dimensión. Pese a esto, cabe señalar que niños aymara mostraron una menor puntuación que sus pares en "problemas de comportamiento" según sus profesores, pero dicha interacción poblacional también fue leve (η² parcial > 0,01). Conclusiones: Niños aymara mostraron fortalezas y dificultades similares a las de sus pares no aymara ante situaciones que requieren ajuste emocional.

The objective of this approach has been to ascertain the experiences of life and the nursing care needs of Colombian women who live with HIV/AIDS in order to obtain elements to focus programs and gender and rights based intervention processes led by nursing professionals. The study uses a qualitative design based on narratives obtained through in-depth interviews from 5 women diagnosed with HIV, aged between 30 and 55 years old, who come from different regions of the country assigned by the subsidized regime of the social security system for health to the infectology service at a clinic situated in Bogotá, Colombia, where they receive treatment. Analysis of the results establishes that this group of women is diverse, inasmuch as the subjects come from different areas and have different lifestyles. The relation of the women with their disease indicates that each case has its particularities and different forms of facing it. Notwithstanding the above, there are similarities between them: all women emphasize that the HIV/AIDS has had deep impact in their lives which have been changed by the disease. Several describe feelings of guilt, disappointment, social rejection and solitude. HIV has affected their life at the family, work, affective and sexual level. They all state that adherence to treatment is the main cause of their survival. Their needs are related to their psychosocial situation as well as to their health care. Recommendations suggested include, among others, activities of education for self care and gender centred workshops for the better understanding of the disease as well as for enhancing self-esteem, empowerment and self-acceptance.

El objetivo de este estudio ha sido conocer las experiencias vividas y las necesidades de cuidado de enfermería sentidas por mujeres colombianas que viven con VIH/SIDA, con el fin de contar con elementos para encaminar programas y procesos de intervención con perspectiva de género y de derechos, liderados por profesionales de enfermería. Se tuvo en cuenta un diseño cualitativo con base en testimonios narrados mediante entrevistas a profundidad realizadas a 5 mujeres diagnosticadas con VIH, con edades entre 30 y 55 años, provenientes de diferentes regiones del país, adscritas a través del régimen subsidiado del sistema de seguridad social en salud al servicio de infectología de una clínica de la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia, donde reciben tratamiento. La caracterización de las participantes permite establecer que se trata de un grupo diverso en cuanto a los contextos de donde provienen y a sus estilos de vida. Cada caso posee sus particularidades y sus diferentes formas de afrontamiento. No obstante lo anterior, se presentan similitudes entre ellas: todas las mujeres destacan que el VIH/SIDA ha tenido profundo impacto en sus vidas las cuales cambiaron a partir de la enfermedad; varias describen sentimientos de culpa, decepción, rechazo social y soledad. El VIH ha afectado su vida a nivel familiar, laboral, afectivo y sexual. Coinciden todas en que adherirse al tratamiento constituye la principal opción que les ha permitido salvar sus vidas. Sus necesidades están en directa relación con su situación psicosocial así como con el cuidado de su salud. Como recomendaciones se sugieren, entre otras, actividades de educación para el autocuidado y talleres con enfoque de género para la mayor comprensión de la enfermedad así como para mejorar su autoestima, su empoderamiento y la aceptación de sí mismas.

We evaluated the impact of a pharmacotherapeutic follow-up service developed to 30 patients with Congestive Heart Failure, dispensed in the Principal Municipal Pharmacy Santiago de Cuba, following the methodology Dáder, adapted to the specific conditions of the investigation, in the period from January 2009 to January 2010. The impact index of clinical stability of patients was moderate while the accepted pharmaceutical interventions and the level of patient satisfaction, obtained high impact indices, so the overall impact of pharmacotherapeutic monitoring services developed was considered high.

Se evaluó el impacto de un servicio de seguimiento farmacoterapéutico desarrollado a 30 pacientes con Insuficiencia Cardíaca Congestiva, dispensados en la Farmacia Principal Municipal Santiago de Cuba, siguiendo la metodología Dáder, adaptada a las condiciones concretas de la investigación, en el período comprendido desde enero del 2009 hasta enero del 2010. El índice de impacto de la estabilidad clínica de los pacientes resultó moderado mientras que en las intervenciones farmacéuticas aceptadas y el nivel de satisfacción de los pacientes, los índices de impacto obtenidos fueron elevados, por lo que el impacto global del servicio seguimiento farmacoterapéutico desarrollado fue considerado alto.

The growth, survival and Pb(II) and Ni(II) uptake of Prosopis laevigata seedlings were determined in order to evaluate their bioaccumulation capability. The seedlings were cultured during 50 days on modified Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 10 g.l-1 of sucrose, 0.0, 0.32, 0.63, 1.26, 2.10, 4.20 mM Ni(II), and 0.0, 0.23, 0.45, 0.90, 1.50, 3.0 mM Pb(II). None of the studied heavy metals avoided germination; however, both produced smaller plants with fewer leaves and secondary roots. Seedlings showed an accumulation of 2 582 and 3 895 mg Ni kg-1, and of 27 300 and 40 666 mg Pb kg-1, both in dry basis (d.b.), in shoot and root, when cultured with 1.26 mM Ni and 3.0 mM Pb, respectively. These results indicated that significant translocation from the roots unto aerial parts took place. A bioaccumulation factor for Ni superior to 32 and for Pb over 21 was exhibited by the seedlings, so that P. laevigata can be considered as a viable accumulator species of Pb(II) and Ni(II) for phytoremediation purposes.

Se determinó el crecimiento, sobrevivencia y acumulación de Pb (II) y Ni (II) en plántulas de Prosopis laevigata, con el fin de evaluar su capacidad de bioacumulación. Las plantas fueron cultivadas durante 50 días en medio de cultivo Murashige y Skoog suplementado con 10 g.l-1 de sacarosa, 0,0, 0,32, 0,63, 1,26, 2,10, 4,20 mM de Ni(II), y 0,0, 0,23, 0,45, 0,90, 1,50, 3,0 mM de Pb(II). Ninguno de los metales pesados estudiados evitó la germinación, sin embargo, ambos metales produjeron plántulas más pequeñas, con menos hojas y raíces secundarias. Las plántulas mostraron una acumulación en tallos y raíces de 2 582 y 3 895 mg Ni kg-1 y 27 300 y 40 666 mg Pb kg-1, en base seca (b.s.), cuando son cultivadas con 1,26 mM de Ni y 3,0 mM de Pb, respectivamente. Estos resultados indican que una significativa translocación de las raíces a las partes aéreas se llevó a cabo. Un factor de bioacumulación para Ni superior a 32 y por arriba de 21 para Pb fue determinada para las plántulas, de modo que P. laevigata puede considerarse como una prometedora especie acumuladora de Pb (II) y Ni (II) para fines de fitorremediación.

Otimizamos um procedimento para a detreminação de zinco em água do mar usando voltametria de redissolução de onda quadrada (SWAdsV) com 8-hidroxiquinolina (oxina) como adsorvente e agente complexante. Inicialmente um estudo univariante da corrente máxima do complexo Zn-Ox em função do pH foi feito para obter os valores adequados de corrente. Posteriormente as condições experimentais foram selecionadas usando um planejamento multivariado experimental. Variaveis como pH, concentração de oxina (Cox), tempo (t ads) e potencial (Eads) de adsorção foram otimizados. O primeiro passo de otmimização foi um planejamento fatorial de 2(4) com 16 medidas, usando valores altos e baixos e tres medidas no ponto central (10.0 μg L-1 Zn(II)). Analises de variança mostraram que o pH e a Cox foram os fatores mais significantes, enquanto t ads e Eads não foram significativos, sendo mantidos constantes nos experimentos seguintes. Para encontrar então os valores ótimos de pH e Cox um planejamento fatorial de 2(2+*) foi usado. Os melhores paramentros experimentais foram pH 6,0; Cox 25 μmol L-1; t ads = 10 s e Eads = -0,70 V. Nessas condições o pico de corrente era proporcional a concentração de zinco, no intervalo 0,1-48,0 μg L-1, com um limite de detecção de 0,05 μg L-1. A reprodutibilidade para soluções de zinco de 5,0 μg L-1 foi de 1,9% (n = 16). O método foi validado usando-se água do mar sintética (ASTM D665) com adição de zinco, amostra de água do mar referenciada (CRM-SW, Zn 5 μg kg-1) e amostra de água do mar refernciada com padrão interno (GBW08607, Zn 5 mg kg-1) com resultados satisfatórios. O método pode ser aplicado para a determinação de zinco II em água do mar, sem tratamento prévio.

A procedure for the determination of zinc in sea water by square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry (SWAdSV) using 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine) as an adsorbing and complexing agent has been optimized. First, a univariate study of the Zn-Ox complex peak current as a function of pH was carried out choosing values at which adequate currents were obtained. Then, selection of the experimental conditions was made using a multivariate experimental design. Variables like pH, oxine concentration (Cox), adsorption time (t ads) and adsorption potential (Eads) were optimized. The first optimization step was a 2(4) factorial design with 16 measurements made choosing high and low levels, and three measurements at the central point (Zn(II) 10.0 μg L-1). Analysis of variance showed that pH and Cox were the most significant factors, while t ads and Eads were not significant and were kept constant in later measurements. Next, to find the optimum values for pH and Cox a 2² + star factorial design was used. The best experimental parameters were pH = 6.0; Cox = 25 μmol L-1; t ads = 10 s and Eads = -0.70 V. Under these conditions the peak current was proportional to the concentration of zinc over the 0.1-48.0 μg L-1 range, with a detection limit of 0.05 μg L-1. Reproducibility for 5.0 μg mL-1 Zn(II) solution was 1.9 % (n = 16). The method was validated using spiked synthetic sea water (ASTM D665), sea water reference material (CRM-SW. Zn 5 μg kg-1) and fortified water reference material (GBW08607. Zn 5 mg kg-1) with satisfactory results. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the determination of Zn(II) in sea water samples without prior treatment.

ABSTRACT The cervical cancer is the most common among women in our country and the most effective way to early detect it is the PAP. The objective of this work was to identify knowledge, attitudes and practices on the PAP smear test in women attending Public Hospitals of the Department of Alto Paraná. It is a descriptive study which applied structured questionnaires filled in during interviews with 1049 pregnant women in the main public hospitals of Alto Parana. For the processing, it was used the Software Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The participation of the women was voluntary and anonymous. The 66.3% (695/1049) heard about the PAP. To the question what is the PAP? 15.5% (108) has responded properly, 38.7% (120) imprecisely, 7.2% (50) erroneously 33.7% (383) did not know anything. In relation to the question what is it for? 12.8% (89) answered correctly, 37.3% (258) erroneously, 37.0% (257) imprecisely and 11.4% (79) did not know. Around 40.0% believed they should have it every 6 months and each year, 54.0.5% (372) considered that they should begin to have it at becoming sexually active and 41.4% (288) before 20 years old. The main sources of information about the PAP were: doctor 32.7% (228); family 24.3% (169) and nurse 19.2% (133); The 46.4% (487/1049) of the total and 70.1 % (487/695) of those who said they knew it said they have had it some time; 16.0% only once. There was a high percentage of women that did not have any knowledge about the PAP and that provided imprecise and wrong answers and that have never had the test.

RESUMEN El cáncer de cuello uterino es el más frecuente entre las mujeres en nuestro país y la manera más eficaz para detectar en forma precoz es la realización del test de Papanicolau. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre el papanicolau en mujeres consultantes de Centros Asistenciales Públicos de Alto Paraná. Estudio descriptivo. Se aplicó un cuestionario estructurado llenado en entrevista a 1049 embarazadas en Hospitales Públicos principales del Dpto. Alto Paraná. Procesamiento utilizando el Paquete Informático para las Ciencias Sociales (SPSS). La participación de las mujeres fue voluntaria y anónima. El 66.3% (695/1049) escuchó hablar del PAP. A las preguntas Que es el PAP? ha respondido correctamente el 15.5% (108), imprecisa el 38.7% (120), errónea el 7.2% (50) y no sabe el 33.7% (383); Para que sirve?, en forma correcta 12.8% (89),errónea 37.3%(258), imprecisa, 37.0% (257) y 11.4% (79) no sabe. Alrededor del 40.0% cree que debe hacerlo cada 6 meses y cada año. El 54.0.5%(372) considera que debe empezar a hacerse "al iniciar las relaciones sexuales y el 41.4% (288) antes de los 20 años. Las principales fuentes de información sobre el PAP son el médico 32.7% (228); familiar 24.3% (169) y enfermera 19.2% (133). El 46.4% (487/1049) del total y el 70.1% (487/ 695) de las que mencionaron conocer se realizó alguna vez. El 16.0% una sola vez. Es alto el porcentaje que no tienen conocimiento sobre el PAP y que dieron respuestas imprecisas y erróneas y que nunca se han realizado el test.

El objetivo de la investigación fue verificar la eficacia del uso de Ketorolac en la premedicación para analgesia postoperatoria en cirugía ginecológica. Se estudiaron 50 pacientes programadas para Histerectomía Abdominal, divididas en dos grupos en forma aleatoria: Grupo A o control (n=25) y Grupo B o experimental (n=25) que recibió Ketorolac 30 mg. EV 20 minutos antes de la inducción de la anestesia, los dos grupos fueron similares respecto a la edad, A.S.A. y tiempo de cirugía, en ambos grupos se midieron parámetros hemodinámicos durante el pre, trans y postoperatorio, duración de la analgesia e incidencia de efectos adversos. Las variables numéricas se analizaron con la prueba de derivación estándar y test de student. Se obtuvieron como resultados de paramétros hemodinámicos transoperatorios: Grupo A TAS (111.4 +/-11.98), TAD (72.4 +/- 7.03) y FC (86.0 +/- 7.41) y Grupo B: TAS (100.3 +/-5.10), TAD (61.6 +/- 6.26) y FC (72.4 +/- 7.03) P(<0.0001), que indicó una diferencia muy significativa, de igual manera los parámetros hemodinámicos postoperatorios mostraron que existían diferencias extremadamente significativas para el Grupo A:TAS (127.9 +/- 14.3), TAD (84.2 +/- 7.01) y FC (93.5 +/- 9.3) en relación con el Grupo B: TAS (111.4 +/- 10.5), TAD (73.4 +/- 6.9) y FC (73.4 +/- 6.95). La variable analgesia postoperatoria fue de 0.25+/-0.20 en el Grupo A y de 4.8+/-0.76 para el B, indicó una diferencia muy significativa (P<0.0001). No se observaron efectos adversos importantes. Se concluye que la administración de Ketorolac EV en la premedicación representa una alternativa efectiva para reducir el dolor en el postoperatorio inmediato en Cirugía Ginecólogica con una baja incidencia de efectos adversos.

The objetive of the investigation was to verify the effectiveness of the use of the Ketorolac in the premedication for post-operative analgesia in Gynecological Surgery. 50 patients were studied programmed for Abdominal Hysterectomy, divided in two groups in aleatory form:Group A or Control (n=25) and group B or Experimental (n=25) that Ketorolac 30 mg received EV 20 minutes before the induction of the anesthesia, both groups were similar regarding the age, A.S.A and time of Surgery, in the two groups parameters hamodynamic pre were measured, trans and postoperative, duration of the analgesia and incidence of adverse effects. The numeric variables will be analyzed with the test of standard desviation and student T. They are obtain as results of parameters hemodynamic transoperatives: Group A TAS (114,6 +/- 11.98), TAD (72.4+/-7.03) and FC (86.0 +/-7.41) and Group B TAS (100.3 +/- 5.10), TAD (61.6 +/- 6.26) and FC (72.4 +/- 7.03) (P<0.0001) that indicated a very significant difference, in a same way the postoperative hemodynamic parameter showed that extremely significant differences exited for the Group A:TAS (127.9 +/- 14.3), TAD (84.2 +/- 7.01) and FC (93.5 +/-9.3) in connection with the Group B:TAS (111.4 +/- 10.5), TAD (73.4 +/- 6.9) and FC (73.4 +/- 6.95). The variable postoperative analgesia was of 0.25 +/- 0.20 in the Group A and of 4.8 +/- 0.76 for the B, it indicated a very significant difference (P<0.0001). Important adverse effects are not observed.You concludes that Ketorolac EV´S administration in the premedication represente an effective alternative to reduce the pain in the postoperative one immediate in Gynecological Surgery with a low incidence of adverse effects.